What instruments are typically employed in economic confrontations?

Common instruments include imposing tariffs, trade barriers, financial sanctions, export controls, and currency manipulation, all designed to exert pressure on target nations or protect domestic industries.

How do economic confrontations affect global supply chains?

They can disrupt supply chains by leading to import/export restrictions, increased production costs, re-routing of trade, and a push towards reshoring or diversification away from affected regions.

What is the primary purpose of economic sanctions in such conflicts?

Economic sanctions aim to alter a target country's behavior by imposing financial costs, limiting access to international markets, and restricting key resources, without resorting to military force.

What are the potential long-term consequences of prolonged economic confrontation?

Prolonged confrontations can lead to de-globalization, the formation of new economic blocs, increased inflation, reduced economic growth, and heightened geopolitical instability.