What is Article 311 of the Indian Constitution about?

Article 311 of the Indian Constitution offers protection to persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State, safeguarding them from arbitrary dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank.

Who is protected under Article 311?

It protects all persons holding civil posts under the Union or a State, including members of civil services, but generally excludes defense personnel.

What key protections does Article 311 provide?

It ensures that no civil servant shall be dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which they were appointed, and usually requires a reasonable opportunity to show cause against proposed disciplinary action.

Are there any exceptions to the protections offered by Article 311?

Yes, Article 311(2) outlines exceptions, such as conviction on a criminal charge, when holding an inquiry is impractical, or when the President/Governor deems it in the interest of state security.