Iran's opposition is characterized by its deep fragmentation, encompassing a wide spectrum of ideologies, from monarchists and nationalists to socialists, communists, and ethnic minority groups [2, 3]. These disparate factions, operating both within Iran and from exile, share a common goal of opposing the Islamic Republic but struggle with a lack of unified leadership and strategy [2, 10]. Figures like Reza Pahlavi, the heir to the former monarchy, have emerged as prominent voices in exile, urging for change and garnering support [8, 11, 17]. Recent widespread protests, ignited by economic hardships such as soaring inflation and currency devaluation, have evolved into broader demands for dignity and an end to the ruling religious regime [8, 11, 12]. These demonstrations, which have spread across numerous cities, represent a significant challenge to the government, echoing past periods of unrest in 2009, 2019, and 2022 [14, 16]. The regime has responded with brutal crackdowns, including violent suppression and internet blackouts, in an attempt to quell dissent [12, 17]. However, the protests demonstrate a persistent, widespread discontent, with ethnic minority groups, particularly Kurds and Baloch, playing a notable role in regional opposition [7, 11, 18]. Despite the fragmentation and the regime's repressive measures, the diverse opposition continues to voice its dissent through various means, including civic activism and organized groups [6].