Cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women globally and a significant health concern in India, is largely preventable and curable if detected early. The disease is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is often sexually transmitted. Crucially, the process leading to cervical cancer often begins decades before symptoms appear, typically in a woman's twenties and thirties, even though it most commonly presents between 45 and 55 years of age. Prevention strategies involve two main pillars: HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening. HPV vaccines are highly effective in preventing infection with the types of HPV that cause the majority of cervical cancers, offering up to 90% protection against common high-risk strains. The vaccine is most effective when administered to girls aged 9-14, before sexual activity and potential exposure to the virus. Several countries, including Australia, are targeting elimination of cervical cancer through widespread vaccination and screening programs. Alongside vaccination, regular screening through Pap tests and HPV tests is vital. These tests detect precancerous cellular changes caused by HPV before they can progress to invasive cancer, providing a critical window for early intervention and highly successful treatment. Guidelines typically recommend starting screening between ages 21 and 30, with frequencies varying (e.g., every 3-5 years) depending on age and test type. In India, cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with approximately 96,922 new cases and 60,078 deaths annually. The high incidence is attributed to several factors, including a lack of awareness about the disease and its symptoms, limited access to screening facilities, socio-economic barriers, and low uptake of the HPV vaccine. Early symptoms like pain or bleeding are often absent in the initial stages, leading to late diagnosis when survival odds are significantly lower. Despite India's initiatives for free HPV vaccines for girls, national coverage remains low, highlighting the urgent need for increased awareness, accessibility, and dispelling cultural stigmas to improve reproductive health outcomes for women. Other preventive measures include safe sexual practices, limiting sexual partners, and avoiding smoking.