Iran is currently experiencing a significant wave of anti-government protests, intensifying across numerous cities and provinces since late December, initially sparked by economic hardship including a collapsing currency and soaring living costs. These demonstrations have rapidly evolved into a broader political challenge against the Islamic Republic. At the heart of these escalating protests is Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was overthrown in the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Pahlavi has actively called for Iranians to unite and chant against the country's leadership, specifically urging coordinated demonstrations on Thursday and Friday, January 8th and 9th. Reports from various credible sources confirm that protesters have indeed responded to his calls, with many chanting slogans in support of Pahlavi and a return to monarchical rule, such as "This is the last battle, Pahlavi will return" and "Death to the dictator, Death to the Islamic Republic." Footage verified by BBC Persian and other outlets shows large crowds demonstrating in Tehran and other cities. In response to the growing unrest, the Iranian government has implemented severe measures, including internet blackouts and cutting international phone lines to restrict communication and suppress the protests. Human rights groups report that at least 45 protesters have been killed, and over 2,000 detained, highlighting the violent nature of the crackdown. This latest wave of unrest represents the most significant challenge to the Iranian government since the 2022 protests over Mahsa Amini's death.