The article, titled 'Nonlinear Interactions of Timing and Amplitude Biases in Modeled Southern Ocean pCO2: The Roles of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Total Alkalinity, and Sea Surface Temperature,' from the ESS Open Archive, delves into the intricate mechanisms governing the Southern Ocean's carbon cycle. The Southern Ocean is a pivotal component of the global climate system, responsible for absorbing approximately 40% of human-induced CO2 emissions and a substantial 75% of the associated excess heat trapped in Earth's climate system. This research likely investigates the challenges and inaccuracies, referred to as 'timing and amplitude biases,' in how Earth System Models simulate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the Southern Ocean. The study focuses on three key oceanographic parameters: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA), and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). DIC, comprising CO2, bicarbonate, and carbonate, and TA, which reflects the ocean's buffering capacity, are fundamental to understanding seawater's carbon chemistry and its ability to absorb atmospheric CO2. Sea Surface Temperature also plays a crucial role by influencing CO2 solubility and the exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere. Accurate modeling of these complex nonlinear interactions is critical for improving projections of future climate change and the ocean's capacity to continue acting as a carbon sink. The presence of biases in these models can lead to uncertainties in predicting the global carbon cycle's evolution. While the specific findings of this particular paper from the ESS Open Archive would require peer review for full scientific validation, the broader scientific context of studying Southern Ocean carbon dynamics and modeling challenges is well-established and highly credible within the climate science and oceanography communities.