The recent wave of extensive protests across Iran has undeniably energized the country's exiled opposition, but it has simultaneously underscored deep and persistent ideological divisions among these factions. This bitter schism, which predates the 1979 Islamic Revolution, continues to plague leading opposition groups, significantly hindering their ability to present a unified alternative to the current clerical establishment. Key among these exiled groups are monarchists who rally behind Reza Pahlavi, the son of the ousted Shah, and the Mujahedin-e Khalq (MEK), a leftist-Islamist organization. These factions, along with various other republican, leftist, and ethnic minority groups, hold fundamentally different visions for Iran's future, ranging from a return to monarchy to a secular democratic republic. Attempts to forge a united front, such as the formation of the 'Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran' or the 'Mahsa Charter' in the wake of the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests, have often disintegrated due to internal disagreements and historical animosities. Analysts and observers consistently highlight the absence of a cohesive, universally accepted leadership, both within Iran and among the diaspora, as a major impediment to the opposition's effectiveness. While the protests demonstrate a widespread rejection of the Islamic Republic, the internal movement appears wary of relying solely on exiled groups or foreign intervention, preferring an indigenous path to change. The enduring divisions among the exiled opposition thus complicate international efforts to support the Iranian people's demands and raise questions about the viability of any post-regime transition.